Two previously unknown sermons by St. Augustine, one of Christianity's most significant theologians, have been authenticated by researchers. The discovery, made on a medieval manuscript discovered in present-day Germany, provides scholars with a rare glimpse into Augustine's evolving thought, particularly concerning themes of repentance and salvation.
The manuscript, copied at Bad Doberan Abbey in the 12th century, likely from an earlier, now-lost text, contains six sermons. Christian Tornau, a Latin professor at the University of Würzburg, identified and authenticated the two new sermons after nearly two years of intensive study.
St. Augustine, who lived from 354 to 430 A.D. and served as the bishop of Hippo Regius in present-day Algeria, is considered one of Christianity's most important Church Fathers. His extensive writings continue to be a subject of scholarly interest.
Theological Explorations
The newly discovered sermons focus on the Old Testament narrative of the Witch of Endor, detailing King Saul's consultation with a sorceress before a battle against the Philistines. In the biblical account, the witch summons the spirit of the deceased prophet Samuel, who predicts Saul's demise. This story prompts theological questions about theodicy—the problem of reconciling an all-powerful, benevolent God with the existence of evil and suffering.
Augustine's sermons explore the possibility that King Saul may have repented and found redemption after hearing Samuel's prophecy. This interpretation is considered particularly noteworthy as it presents a more favorable view of Saul than is typical in Augustine's other known works and in ancient Christianity generally.
"The interpretation of Saul being saved is the most remarkable element of the new sermons," Tornau stated. "This is unparalleled in Augustine and in ancient Christianity in general, where we find a very negative image of Saul."
Tornau suggests that Augustine may have independently developed this idea or could have been influenced by Jewish rabbinic traditions that offered a more positive portrayal of Saul. "In any event, it is indicative of Augustine’s independence of mind and his willingness to think everyone, even those who appear most evil, are capable of salvation through the grace of God," Tornau added.
Authentication and Dating
Scholars have confidently dated the texts to Late Antiquity based on the style of Christian liturgy they reflect, which would have been impossible during the Middle Ages. Furthermore, the sermons exhibit familiarity with Augustine's known theological positions without merely copying them, a characteristic that supports their authenticity.
The concluding prayer in the first sermon also points to a North African origin, consistent with Augustine's own background. "After this intense period of reading and interpreting, we came to the conclusion that there are no serious objections to Augustine’s authorship," Tornau confirmed.
The sermons are currently being prepared for publication in a scholarly edition. This discovery offers a significant contribution to the understanding of early Christian theology and Augustine's enduring intellectual legacy.