A growing international trade in mummified human remains, including heads, hands, and feet, presents significant health risks due to the potential release of dormant microorganisms and toxic preservation materials, according to scientists. The study, which analyzed 128 online listings, found that these remains are often sold with inadequate controls and shipped via standard postal services, increasing exposure risks.
Researchers noted that dormant fungal spores can become airborne when disturbed, potentially causing severe health issues such as poisoning, brain damage, cancer, and respiratory or skin problems. The study highlighted that some of the analyzed listings showed remains with visible signs of fungal growth and biodeterioration, indicating poor storage conditions. The paper stated, "Most bacteria, fungi and yeasts survive, recolonise and multiply by using the body's available organic material, especially when remains have been manipulated and subjected to suboptimal storage conditions."
The historical practice of mummification involved the use of substances like arsenic, mercury, and lead to preserve tissues. These toxic metals can remain in the remains and pose a hazard to those handling them or in close proximity. The study found that over half of the listings (51.6%) consisted of heads, including whole or partial mummified heads, skulls, and tsantsas (shrunken heads).
Historically, the concept of a "mummy's curse" gained attention after the opening of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922, with speculation that inhaling spores from the tomb may have contributed to the death of Lord Carnarvon. The researchers referenced this historical event, noting that in other instances, such as the opening of the tomb of King Casimir IV of Kraków in the 1970s, inhalation of Aspergillus spores was blamed for the deaths of several conservation scientists.
In contrast to the uncontrolled conditions observed in online sales, museums typically display mummified remains in climate-controlled environments to protect both the artifacts and the public. However, for private collectors, these precautions are often absent. The researchers urged the public to remain vigilant and report any suspicious sales of mummified remains to relevant authorities. "Until more effective measures are implemented, the public should remain vigilant and report sales of mummified remains to relevant authorities and professional bodies," they advised.