Health experts are warning of an increase in leprosy, also known as Hansen's Disease, in Florida, with nine-banded armadillos suspected of being a primary carrier of the bacteria responsible for the ancient illness. The disease, which has a 4,000-year history, infects approximately 200,000 people globally each year. While most cases in the United States are contracted abroad, Florida has seen a notable rise, reporting 17 cases so far this year. This marks an increase from the 8 cases recorded in 2022 and 26 cases in the previous year, with central Florida, particularly Brevard County, identified as a hotspot.
Leprosy is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, which grows slowly and can take up to 20 years to manifest symptoms. The disease primarily affects the skin and nerves, leading to thickened skin, ulcers, hair loss, numbness, and potential paralysis, especially in the extremities. Historically associated with social stigma, leprosy is not easily spread between people, as about 95% of the population has a natural immunity. Transmission typically requires prolonged exposure, and the disease is curable with a regimen of antibiotics. Early treatment can prevent long-term nerve damage, although existing damage may be irreversible.
Armadillos, which are native to the southern United States but are expanding their territory northward, are natural reservoirs for Mycobacterium leprae. These animals, known for digging in soil for food, can carry the bacteria in their burrows and the surrounding environment. Scientists believe that human exposure can occur through contact with contaminated soil where armadillos inhabit, particularly for individuals engaged in gardening or other soil-related activities. The bacteria can persist in the soil for extended periods, increasing the risk of transmission.
While leprosy remains rare in the U.S., with at most 250 cases annually, public health officials advise caution. They recommend avoiding direct contact with armadillos and wearing gloves when working in soil. The possibility of the bacteria spreading through handling deceased armadillos, particularly roadkill, has also been raised by some medical professionals.