An Iron Age ruler named Verica, previously believed to be a man and considered pivotal to the Roman invasion of Britain, has been identified as a woman, according to new research from Bournemouth University. This discovery has the potential to reshape historical understanding of early Roman Britain.
For years, historians operated under the assumption that Verica, a ruler of the Atrebates tribe whose territory spanned parts of present-day Hampshire and Wiltshire, was male. This assumption, researchers suggest, stemmed from the prevailing mindset of 19th-century classical historians. However, analysis led by Dr. Miles Russell indicates that Verica was, in fact, female. "Verica was not only critical to the special relationship between Britain and Rome in the early first century AD but was indisputably female," Dr. Russell stated.
Verica was deposed in 40 AD and subsequently fled to Rome, seeking support from Emperor Claudius. Roman historian Cassius Dio recorded that the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD occurred largely because Verica persuaded Claudius to launch the campaign. Researchers highlighted that Verica's name ending in 'a' is consistent with female names of the era, such as Cartimandua of the Brigantes and Boudica of the Iceni.
Further evidence comes from coins attributed to Verica. While some coins depict a figure identified as 'rex' – a title that was non-gender specific and recognized for both male and female rulers by Rome, similar to Cleopatra of Egypt – others show a "slender, feminine, bare-breasted figure riding on horseback." This contrasts with depictions of unambiguously male warriors from the same period. The use of 'rex' on coins, according to Dr. Russell, signifies that Verica ruled with the full authorization of the emperor.
Claudius, often characterized as a weak-minded emperor easily influenced by women, received Verica's plea. Dr. Russell explained that Dio's account suggests the invasion was prompted by "the whisperings of a barbarian femme fatale." However, Verica's role was more substantial, providing crucial tactical information and ground support that contributed to the invasion's success. The invasion represented Emperor Claudius's sole opportunity to establish himself as a successful military leader, and Verica provided the pretext for this action.
"We should take the archaeological evidence at face value and remember Verica as a female-king and one of the earliest and most important of British female leaders," Dr. Russell concluded. "Had she not been deposed, fleeing to Claudius for military support, Rome may never have invaded Britain in the first place."