Female genital mutilation (FGM), known locally as female circumcision, continues to be practiced in Indonesia, with mass ceremonies involving young girls, some as young as three months old, occurring in various communities. In the Gorontalo community of Sulawesi, an 18-month-old girl named Salsa Djafar underwent the procedure performed by a traditional healer using a knife to remove a small piece of skin from the clitoral hood. This practice, deeply entrenched as a rite of passage for generations, is widely believed by practitioners to rid girls of sin and officially make them Muslim.
Despite condemnation from the United Nations and past attempts by the Indonesian government to ban the practice, widespread cultural and religious acceptance has made eradication nearly impossible. In cities like Bandung, organizations such as the Assalaam Foundation host mass circumcision events, particularly during the lunar month celebrating the Prophet Muhammad's birthday. Parents register their daughters via WhatsApp, and the procedures take place in converted classrooms.
Journalist Abigail Haworth described witnessing a mass event in Bandung in 2006 where nurses held down a four-year-old girl for the procedure, which she likened to being performed with nail scissors. Children often receive a small incentive, such as around £8.34 and treats, which can be a significant draw for impoverished families. In 2006, the Assalaam Foundation faced criticism after a World Health Organization (WHO) team observed their event and urged them to cease services, though staff maintained compliance with WHO recommendations.
Social media advertisements in South Sulawesi also promote mass circumcisions, with community organizations soliciting contributions. In Gorontalo, these ceremonies are accompanied by elaborate rituals and celebrations. Healers like Khadijah Ibrahim, who performed Salsa's circumcision, claim that uncut girls risk developing 'mental problems and disabilities.' Other common beliefs include that the practice prevents promiscuity and that uncircumcised Muslim women's prayers are not accepted by God.
In response to the persistent cultural and religious significance, the Indonesian government has shifted its approach from outright bans to focusing on stamping out more harmful methods and ensuring safety. Authorities assert that the commonly used methods, often a mere pinprick, do not constitute FGM. However, in rural areas, demand for circumcision, driven by perceived religious obligation, remains high.
The WHO estimates that over 200 million girls globally have undergone FGM and classifies it as a human rights violation. A 2016 UNICEF report indicated Indonesia had the third-highest prevalence, with an estimated 54% of girls under 14 affected, though actual numbers are likely higher due to private or unqualified circumcisions. The WHO states FGM offers no health benefits and can lead to severe pain, bleeding, infections, urinary problems, childbirth complications, and even death.