Researchers have identified a pattern of attitudes they term the 'M factor,' which links beliefs in male supremacy, violence, misogyny, and opposition to gender equality. The syndrome, described as an emerging pattern of thought, suggests that "true masculinity" is under threat.

According to a study involving over 6,000 participants in Switzerland aged 18 to 64, approximately 20% of men and 7% of women exhibit high M factor scores. The prevalence is particularly notable among young men, with nearly one-third of males between 18 and 24 years old affected.

The study, led by Dr. Denis Ribeaud from the University of Zurich, surveyed individuals on their attitudes toward masculinity and gender, and how these connect to views on family, relationships, sexuality, and experiences with violence. The findings indicate a close association between these various attitudes, tracing them to a common underlying disposition.

Factors beyond gender appear to influence susceptibility to the M factor. Men with lower levels of education, lower professional status, and lower incomes were more likely to display higher M factor scores. Conversely, higher educational attainment and better life prospects correlated with lower scores.

Traditional family roles, where men are primary breadwinners and women undertake most care work, were also associated with higher M factor scores. The study found a significant link between high M factor scores and an increased likelihood of perpetrating or experiencing intimate partner violence. Dr. Ribeaud stated that individuals holding views of male supremacy, contempt for women, and a belief in controlling behavior as normal are at a greater risk of being involved in such dynamics.

Furthermore, men with high M factor scores were more likely to report identifying as an incel, consuming hardcore pornography, and using sexual services.

In response to these findings, the researchers advocate for enhanced education on masculinity and gender roles in schools. Co-author Markus Theunert emphasized that there is not a single "right" way to be masculine, noting that masculinity is "malleable" and can be expressed in diverse ways.

This research follows other recent findings indicating that young boys are frequently exposed to misogynistic content online. A separate survey revealed that 73% of teenage boys aged 11–14 had encountered misogynistic or harmful online content within a short time of logging on.