Babies and toddlers under the age of two should have no intentional screen time at all, according to a new study described as the most comprehensive review of global findings on the subject to date. Researchers warn that screen use at this age is linked to a wide range of long-term negative effects on health and quality of life, including limited language development, difficulty sleeping, eye health issues, and an increased risk of obesity.
The study calls on governments to reconsider existing guidance for under-fives. Current recommendations from organizations like the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics already advise that children under two avoid screen time, with exceptions for shared activities that encourage bonding and interaction. However, this new research asserts that any intentional screen use can be associated with significant problems.
"We have learned that screen use among the under-twos is a global concern that in 2026 is not being adequately addressed," said Rafe Clayton of the University of Leeds. "This has implications for a whole generation and their future quality of life."
Previous research has indicated that two-year-olds with higher screen exposure have a lower vocabulary. The report notes that existing international recommendations are already being exceeded globally during the critical first 1001 days of life, from pregnancy to age two. Other potential harms identified include reduced opportunities for parent-child bonding, decreased peer interaction, an increased risk of overstimulation, and reliance on devices for emotional regulation.
The researchers emphasize that these findings reflect the pervasive influence of modern digital environments rather than individual parenting choices. Dame Andrea Leadsom, Founder of the 1001 Critical Days Foundation, stated, "This landmark review is a wake-up call. The evidence increasingly suggests that screens offer limited benefits for babies and may carry significant risks during the first 1001 days, the most important period of human development."
She added that parents should not be blamed, as screens are now integral to daily life, and many families lack adequate support. "The responsibility cannot rest solely on their shoulders." Leadsom also urged technology companies to cease promoting content as suitable for babies when evidence indicates otherwise.
While more research is needed on effective strategies for reducing screen time, the review highlights several helpful approaches. Experts suggest that outdoor activities can benefit physical development and eye health. Avoiding screens during mealtimes may correlate with healthier eating habits, and providing access to non-digital toys can improve development. Spending time interacting with other people in person also supports social development.
The study also observed a correlation between parent and caregiver screen time and babies' screen time, reiterating that parents should not be the focus of blame. Passive screen exposure is described as inevitable given the integration of digital devices into work, shopping, healthcare, and communication.
The review references a recent poll indicating that approximately 960,000 school children in the UK, or nine percent of all pupils, spend most lessons on a device. Among primary school children, this figure is six percent, or about 270,000. Apps like Minecraft Education and Duolingo are popular in educational settings, with a quarter of all pupils using screens daily.