Women using hormonal birth control may face an increased risk of developing meningioma, a slow-growing brain tumor, according to new research. The study, published in JAMA Network Open, analyzed 25 years of health data from approximately 3 million women.
While previous research had identified a link between the injectable contraceptive Depo-Provera and meningioma, this new study has identified five additional birth control medications that also show an association with the tumor. These include combined oral contraceptives and the mini-pill containing desogestrel, drospirenone, gestodene, and levonorgestrel.
Depo-Provera demonstrated the strongest association, with a relative risk increase of about fourfold. The combined oral contraceptives and mini-pills showed a weaker association, with a relative risk increase of 1.5-fold. However, researchers emphasize that the absolute risk of developing a meningioma remains low. For instance, while about 5 out of every 1,000 women develop a meningioma in their lifetime, this number increased to approximately 6 out of 1,000 for users of medroxyprogesterone, the active ingredient in Depo-Provera.
The increased risk appears to be temporary and is associated with the period of use. The risk diminishes within five years after discontinuing progestogen-containing birth control.
Meningiomas are typically benign, but they can cause significant health problems by pressing on nerves or brain structures. These tumors are more common in women than men, with hormonal influences potentially contributing to their growth. When malignant, meningiomas can lead to seizures and cognitive issues and are often treated with surgery or radiation.
One individual, Elizabeth Fleurisma, who is among those suing Pfizer, maker of Depo-Provera, reported severe headaches, fatigue, and pain after nearly a decade of using the contraceptive. She underwent surgery to remove a tumor, but not all of it could be removed, requiring multiple radiation treatments. Fleurisma continues to experience vision problems, nausea, and dizziness.
In December 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved updated labeling for the Depo-Provera injection to include a warning about a potential connection to meningiomas.
Cancer epidemiologist Paul Pharoah, who was not involved in the study, advised that the small increases in risk associated with these medications should be weighed against the benefits of contraception. He stressed the importance for women to consult with their healthcare providers before discontinuing any birth control medication.