Spending time in urban green spaces, such as parks, can lead to a longer and healthier life by improving various aspects of well-being, according to recent research. These natural pockets within cities offer significant benefits to the approximately 80% of Americans who live in urban areas.
The positive impact of nature on health has been recognized for over 170 years, with early urban park designers like Frederick Law Olmstead viewing spaces like Central Park as an antidote to the stresses of city living.
Mental Health and Stress Reduction
Studies indicate that even short periods in natural urban environments can enhance mental health. A June study from China demonstrated that a 30-minute walk in an "urban forest" improved attention and mood compared to exercising indoors. Participants also reported increased self-esteem and enjoyment of the activity. Furthermore, these walks were associated with lower levels of cortisol, the body's primary stress hormone, and increased parasympathetic activity, which aids in relaxation and recovery.
Cardiovascular Health Benefits
A comprehensive 2018 review of over 140 studies found that greater exposure to green space was linked to improved cardiovascular health. This included lower resting heart rate and diastolic blood pressure. The research indicated a reduced incidence of conditions such as stroke, hypertension, dyslipidemia, asthma, and coronary heart disease. Those with more green space exposure also experienced a 16% lower risk of dying from heart issues and a 31% lower risk of premature death from any cause.
Reduced Risk of Cognitive Decline and Stroke
Living in greener neighborhoods has been associated with a slightly lower risk of developing dementia and suffering a stroke. A 2020 study from Canada analyzed data on dementia and stroke in Ontario, using satellite imagery to assess neighborhood greenery. The findings suggested that an increase in neighborhood greenness correlated with a reduced risk of dementia and stroke.
Lower Incidence of Diabetes
Research from China has also linked increased proximity to green spaces with a lower risk of developing diabetes. A large study involving over 22,000 adults found that living in greener areas reduced diabetes risk by 55% to 62%. While physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight are known factors, the study suggests that the greenery itself may offer direct health benefits independent of these.
Decreased Medication Use
While simply living near green spaces or having a view of them may not directly reduce medication use, actively visiting these areas does appear to have an effect. A 2023 study from Finland found that individuals who visited green spaces more frequently were less likely to use medications for anxiety, depression, and sleep issues. They were also less likely to be taking medication for blood pressure and asthma.