New research suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) medications, widely used for type 2 diabetes and obesity, may be associated with changes in a person's sense of smell and taste. The study, published in JAMA Network, analyzed electronic health records of individuals aged 18 and older with type 2 diabetes who had no prior history of sensory disturbances.
Over a period of two months to three years, the study found that patients taking GLP-1 medications, such as Ozempic and Mounjaro, had a higher risk of experiencing changes in their smell and taste compared to those not using these drugs. Reported alterations include anosmia (loss of smell), parosmia (where pleasant smells are perceived negatively or chemically), and parageusia (a distorted sense of taste or phantom tastes).
"This study suggests that GLP-1RA therapy is associated with a higher risk of smell and taste disturbance, highlighting the need for closer monitoring and greater public health awareness," the study authors stated. They posited that these effects might be linked to how the drugs interact with the nervous system, noting that GLP-1 is expressed and secreted within the nervous system.
While gastrointestinal issues and other side effects are known for GLP-1 medications, the impact on smell and taste has been less explored. Experts also note that significant weight loss, a common outcome of these medications, can independently affect a person's sensory perception. These changes in taste and smell typically resolve once weight stabilizes, though there are no specific treatments for these temporary sensory alterations.
Smell and taste dysfunction can have broader health implications. According to the NHS, approximately 12% of the U.S. population experiences some form of smell dysfunction, with older adults being disproportionately affected. A poor sense of smell has been linked to an increased risk of developing heart disease and has also been identified as a potential early sign of dementia. Similarly, taste changes, reported by about 19% of Americans as they age, may signal neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure and stroke. These sensory losses can also impact eating habits, potentially leading to nutritional deficiencies and chronic diseases, or pose safety risks if individuals cannot detect hazards like gas leaks or fires. Experts advise consulting a doctor about any noticeable changes in sensory function.