Claims circulating online suggesting that fabric softeners and dryer sheets cause cancer are based on a more complex reality, according to health experts. While these laundry staples do not intentionally contain carcinogens, certain ingredients can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air.
These VOCs, particularly those associated with fragrances, can pose health risks under specific conditions. Studies from 2011 and 2016 observed that dryer vents emitted VOCs when fragranced laundry products were used. Among these emissions were acetaldehyde and benzene, both classified as carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants by the Environmental Protection Agency. However, further research has not been conducted to definitively establish a link between these emissions and cancer in humans.
Other ingredients found in these products may include phthalates and benzyl acetate, a common floral scent compound. Phthalates are known endocrine disruptors, potentially affecting reproductive, neurological, and developmental health. A review of studies also suggests a possible connection between compounds in scented products, such as phthalates and parabens, and health concerns including cancer, though more research is needed to confirm these links.
Manufacturers often group multiple chemicals under the umbrella term "fragrance" or "perfume," which can lead to unintentional exposure to potentially harmful chemical mixtures. Unlike detergents, which are washed away, fabric softeners are designed to remain on clothing. This increases exposure through both inhalation of vapors and skin absorption.
Experts emphasize that the risk associated with using these products depends on various factors, including the frequency, dosage, and duration of exposure. Due to the potential for unlisted fragrance-related emissions, many experts recommend minimizing unnecessary fragrance exposure whenever practical.