An earlier onset of menopause in women may be associated with accelerated brain aging and an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease later in life, according to a study published in the journal Neurology.
The research, which examined over 2,600 women, found that a younger age at menopause was linked to faster cognitive decline and earlier Alzheimer's diagnoses. Women experiencing menopause earlier, whether naturally or due to surgery, showed changes in white matter, the brain tissue crucial for learning and memory.
Dr. Stephanie McNally, medical director of Northwell Katz Institute for Women’s Health, explained that as women age and enter the menopausal transition, white matter begins to break down, diminishing its protective functions. This breakdown, potentially exacerbated by earlier menopause, could lead to a shorter disease-free period and a greater change in cognitive function.
While menopause typically occurs in the early 50s, the transition can begin as early as the late 40s. The study highlights that this midlife milestone could serve as an early warning sign for potential future brain health issues.
Other factors can influence the relationship between menopause timing and cognitive health. These include a woman's overall health status, other existing medical conditions, pregnancy history, breastfeeding, and medication use. Each of these elements can impact cognitive functionality.
Separately, a different study indicated that hormone replacement therapy, specifically estrogen-only menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), might lower Alzheimer's risk. Women who used estrogen-only MHT reportedly had a 35% lower lifetime risk of developing Alzheimer's compared to those who did not.
The study also considered the impact of surgical menopause, which involves the removal of ovaries. This procedure can cause an abrupt hormonal imbalance that significantly affects cognitive function and brain imaging results. Estrogen, a hormone produced by the ovaries, plays a role in memory, learning, and executive function. Its decline during menopause can lead to symptoms like brain fog and memory lapses, which can mimic early dementia.