As the summer holiday season approaches, health professionals are warning against dangerous tanning practices, emphasizing the significant risks associated with sunbeds and unregulated tanning products.
Consultant dermatologist Dr. Justine Hextall stated that sunbeds, which emit 95-99% UVA rays, penetrate deeply into the skin, increasing the risk of malignant melanoma and accelerating skin aging. The intensity of UVA exposure from sunbeds can be three to eight times stronger than that from the sun. Studies indicate that any use of sunbeds by individuals under 35 can increase their relative risk of melanoma by 59%. The British Association of Dermatologists and the British Medical Association have called for a ban on sunbeds, while the World Health Organization classifies them as a class one carcinogen, on par with alcohol and tobacco.
In the UK, sunbed use by those under 18 has been banned since 2011. However, recent government consultations aim to strengthen regulations due to concerns about the law being flouted and poorly enforced. Dr. Hextall also clarified that the tan produced by sunbeds offers minimal protection, as it does not increase UV-protective melanin or thicken the skin's top layer as sun exposure does. Even a tan from the sun provides only an SPF of around 5, and any tan is fundamentally a sign of skin damage.
The unregulated product known as "melanotan," often nicknamed the "Barbie drug," is also a significant concern. Available as inhaled sprays and injections, these products are illegal in the UK and have not been approved by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). A 2022 investigation found that some melanotan products contained over 100 unknown substances. This synthetic hormone can have widespread effects on cardiovascular, hormonal, and reproductive systems, with reported side effects including severe flushing, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and serious heart and kidney complications. Dr. Hextall expressed particular concern about melanotan's ability to darken existing moles and promote the development of new ones, potentially masking melanoma. There have been documented cases of melanoma in individuals using these products.
On a more positive note, many modern fake tan products are highly effective. Those containing dihydroxyacetone (DHA), often combined with erythrulose, can create a natural, long-lasting tan. These products work through a chemical reaction with proteins in the skin's outer layer, producing browning compounds called melanoidins. While these artificial tans offer no UV protection, they can be a safe alternative when used correctly. It is advised to patch test products for sensitive skin and to avoid inhaling DHA, using provided masks during spray tans.
For sun protection during holidays, Dr. Hextall recommends investing in UV-protective clothing, such as UV-swim tops and UV-swimsuits for children. Wide-brimmed hats and UV-protective sunglasses are also essential. She stressed the importance of adequate sunscreen application, noting that many people use too little. A teaspoon of sunscreen is recommended for the face and neck, and a shot glass equivalent for the entire body, with reapplication every two to three hours. A full bottle of 600ml is suggested for a week's holiday for one person. Factor 50 sunscreen with 5-star UVA protection is recommended for all skin types. Mineral UV sticks can provide extra protection for high-risk areas like the nose and ears.
Regarding Vitamin D, a 2019 study published in the British Journal of Dermatology found no significant difference in Vitamin D levels between individuals who applied SPF15 sunscreen regularly and those who used sunscreen as they pleased. This suggests that proper sunscreen use does not interfere with the body's ability to build Vitamin D reserves, while still offering essential protection against sunburn.