Veterinarians are observing behaviors in dogs that closely resemble symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in humans, though dogs cannot be formally diagnosed with the condition. These behaviors are typically described as hyperactivity, hyperkinesis, or impulsivity. Dr. Guy Sandelowsky, founder of OMNI Pet Limited, notes that dogs can exhibit traits similar to those associated with ADHD in people, including hyperactivity, impulsivity, and difficulty maintaining attention. A 2024 study indicated that these issues can manifest as compulsive behavior, aggression, inappropriate elimination, fearfulness, and the ingestion of non-food items.
While dogs do not have ADHD as it is defined in humans, research suggests they can experience a similar condition. A 2024 study found that ADHD-like behavior in dogs is linked to disruptions in the brain's dopamine and serotonin systems, mirroring findings in humans. Furthermore, dogs exhibiting these symptoms have shown positive responses to medications commonly used for ADHD treatment in humans. The similarities are so pronounced that some researchers propose dogs could serve as an animal model for studying ADHD.
The primary symptoms observed in dogs include hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Hyperactive dogs may frequently leave a commanded position, fidget constantly, engage in excessive play or running, and are often difficult to restrain on walks. They may also struggle to learn tricks due to distractibility and a reduced ability to maintain focus. Beyond these, dogs with ADHD-style symptoms might display increased fearfulness, aggression, and compulsive behaviors.
Research points to a combination of genetics and environment as contributing factors to these behaviors. Certain breeds appear to have a higher predisposition, with Cairn Terriers, Jack Russells, German Shepherds, Bull Terriers, Smooth Collies, and Border Collies frequently cited. Conversely, Chinese Crested Dogs, Rough Collies, and Chihuahuas have shown lower scores for ADHD-like symptoms. Studies also suggest these behaviors are more prevalent in younger, male dogs, and those who spend extended periods alone.
Online platforms like TikTok have seen dog owners sharing videos of their pets exhibiting what they believe are ADHD symptoms, such as running in circles, barking at seemingly nothing, or chewing their own tails. However, Dr. Sandelowsky cautions against self-diagnosis based on social media trends, emphasizing that many common dog behaviors can be mistaken for a disorder. He stresses that boredom, insufficient exercise, anxiety, frustration, and a lack of mental stimulation can all lead to outwardly similar behaviors.
Before considering a medical condition, owners should ensure their dog's basic needs are met, including adequate sleep, exercise, enrichment, and training, along with a calm environment. Even then, persistent or extreme hyperactivity and inattention may not necessarily indicate a medical problem. Puppies and adolescent dogs naturally exhibit higher energy levels, impulsivity, and distractibility. Dr. Sandelowsky advises judging behavior within the context of the individual dog's age and breed norms.
If a dog's behavior is persistent, extreme, or affects its welfare, consulting a veterinarian is recommended. Owners can assist by keeping a behavior diary and recording videos of the concerning behaviors, noting factors such as exercise, sleep, and preceding events.