Brightly colored vaping gadgets available online and in shops can contain unknown and potentially dangerous substances, posing significant risks to teenagers. These products, often marketed with enticing names, can contain potent synthetic cannabinoids, cannabis compounds, or other chemicals linked to serious health concerns, according to recent analyses and expert observations.
The HSE Emerging Drug Trends Laboratory analyzed 76 vapes and vaping liquids in 2026, finding that 28 contained HHC (hexahydrocannabinol) or related semi-synthetic cannabinoids. Others contained potent synthetic cannabinoids, cannabis compounds, or chemicals associated with lung-health issues, and some samples contained multiple substances. Products are being sold in a market where labeling can be misleading, making it difficult for consumers, especially young people, to know what they are actually inhaling.
One individual, identified as John, described experiencing severe psychosis, including schizophrenic episodes and auditory hallucinations, after using HHC at age 18. He noted the ease with which the substance was accessible, stating, "The shop would just give it to us." HHC, a semi-synthetic cannabinoid derived from CBD and chemically altered to mimic cannabis, was classified as a Schedule One controlled drug in Ireland on July 29, 2025, placing it in the same legal category as cannabis. However, concerns persist about its continued availability.
Retail environments have also come under scrutiny. Vape shops are common, with some selling vaping products alongside a variety of other retail items. Concerns have been raised about the lack of clear information regarding product origin and contents. Principals are reporting incidents at schools involving teenagers exhibiting symptoms such as racing hearts and difficulty breathing, with no clear understanding of the substances involved or their potential long-term health impacts.
Dr. Brian O'Mahony, a senior psychiatry registrar specializing in HHC-induced psychosis, draws a distinction between fully synthetic cannabinoids, which are highly toxic and potent, and substances like HHC. He notes that the latter occupy a less understood territory due to their novel chemical alterations. O'Mahony highlights the deception inherent in the market, where consumers may believe they are using one substance while being exposed to another, potentially dangerous compound.
Research indicates that HHC and similar cannabinoids in vapes are now the second most common reason for under-18s seeking addiction treatment in Ireland, after cannabis. Professor Bobby Smyth, chair of the addiction faculty at the College of Psychiatrists of Ireland, expressed concern about the impact of these substances on adolescent brain development. He warned that exposure to potent synthetic or semi-synthetic cannabinoids could interfere with the brain's natural development processes, potentially affecting IQ and increasing the risk of mental health conditions later in life.
The market's dynamic nature presents challenges for regulation. Glenn Sullivan, founder of Full Circle Hemp, described the situation as the "Wild West," where online businesses can quickly emerge selling unregulated substances. He noted that banning one molecule often leads to the rapid development of subtly altered versions that circumvent the law.
Medical professionals are observing the consequences. Dr. Matthew Sadlier, chairman of the Irish Medical Organisation’s Consultants Committee, described patients experiencing prolonged dizziness, impaired functioning, and other severe effects. He characterized HHC as a chemically modified compound that mimics cannabis effects but is often stronger, with a lack of quality control and the presence of contaminants. The rapid onset of effects, sometimes within minutes, can lead to impaired judgment, resulting in accidents, falls, and fires, and leaving individuals vulnerable to exploitation.
Authorities have conducted raids targeting premises involved in the sale of vapes and related products. In one operation, cannabis-infused gummies, vapes containing cannabis oil, and cigarettes containing HHC and THC, valued at over €2 million, were seized, and two arrests were made. However, the prevalence of online sales and the rapid emergence of new websites make comprehensive enforcement difficult.
Experts advise parents to be aware of potential warning signs, which can include sudden changes in academic performance, prolonged sleep disturbances, or the development of irrational beliefs and fears, such as a fear of poisoning. Seeking professional help early is recommended, rather than waiting for a crisis situation. The core message for parents and teenagers is that avoiding initial exposure is the surest way to prevent addiction and the associated harms.