The recent passing of Joan Collins, mother of television personality Gemma Collins, at the age of 70 has brought renewed attention to the dangers of pneumonia. Collins had reportedly contracted the severe lung infection twice in the six months prior to her death.
Pneumonia, an infection that inflames the deep air sacs in one or both lungs, can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Viral pneumonia, often linked to influenza, RSV, or COVID-19, can sometimes be severe, while bacterial pneumonia may require more intensive treatment and can carry a high mortality rate if left untreated, according to Professor Hunter, a virus expert at the University of East Anglia.
While pneumonia is often associated with increased vulnerability in the elderly, infants, and individuals with compromised immune systems, experts emphasize that it can affect anyone and be life-threatening at any age. Some cases can develop from aspiration, where food, drink, or vomit enters the lungs. In the U.S., approximately 42,000 deaths occur annually due to pneumonia, and in the UK, more people die from the condition than in any other European country, according to Asthma and Lung UK.
Warning signs of pneumonia can be subtle and may go undetected, potentially leading to delayed treatment and lung damage. Typical symptoms include a cough producing mucus, shortness of breath, elevated temperature, chest pain, body aches, fatigue, loss of appetite, and wheezing. Babies may exhibit grunting noises when breathing, and confusion can be a symptom in older adults.
Professor Hunter suggests that checking blood oxygen levels using a pulse oximeter can help identify potential issues. Readings of 92% or lower warrant seeking medical attention. While most pneumonia cases are not severe, about 15% of hospitalized patients die within a month of admission, a figure that rises to 30% for those admitted to intensive care units.
Preventative measures include staying up-to-date with vaccinations for pneumococcus, influenza, RSV, and COVID-19, as well as quitting smoking, which can significantly reduce the risk of developing the condition. Treatment for hospitalized patients typically involves antibiotics, fluids, and sometimes steroids, along with oxygen if breathing is compromised.