New York City's congestion pricing program, which implemented a $9 toll for drivers entering Manhattan's central business district, resulted in no statistically significant improvement in air quality during its first year, according to a report by the city's Health Department. The analysis examined four traffic-related pollutants within the Congestion Relief Zone and found that overall pollution levels remained largely unchanged since the toll was introduced in January 2025.
Despite an 11% reduction in traffic within the zone, officials stated that vehicles account for only about 10% of the city's pollution. They attributed the persistent air quality issues to other significant emission sources in New York City, such as fuel burned for heating and hot water in its dense building stock, as well as emissions from power plants and restaurants.
Supporters of the program, including Governor Kathy Hochul, highlighted other benefits such as reduced traffic congestion, decreased traffic noise, and progress in public transit improvements, which are funded by the toll revenue. Hochul previously described congestion pricing as a "once-in-a-lifetime success story" that brought "reduced gridlock, faster trips, safer streets, and cleaner air."
However, the report's findings could empower critics who have argued that the congestion toll places an undue financial burden on commuters, small businesses, and working families. Prominent opponents, including former President Donald Trump and Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy, have previously criticized the toll, with Duffy calling it a "slap in the face to working class Americans and small business owners."
The congestion toll applies to passenger vehicles entering Manhattan below 60th Street. During peak hours on weekdays and weekends, E-ZPass users are charged $9. Off-peak hours incur a $2.25 toll, and toll-by-mail rates are approximately 50% higher. The program has faced legal challenges, including an attempt by the Trump administration to withdraw federal approval, which was ultimately overturned by a federal judge.
The New York City Health Department and Governor Hochul's office did not immediately respond to requests for comment regarding the report's findings. The toll remains in effect, with traffic down but the air quality benefits from the first year not meeting initial expectations based on the city's analysis.
