Congress has served as the enduring, though imperfect, forum for the United States to resolve its challenges and pursue a more perfect union since its inception. From drafting the Bill of Rights to enacting landmark legislation on civil rights and social welfare, the work of the House and Senate has shaped the nation since they first convened in 1789.
Philip Wallach, a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, noted that Congress "needs to be the place where we figure out how to live with each other." While the legislative process is often messy and many introduced bills never become law, Congress remains the branch of government closest to the people, a crucial element in the system of checks and balances.
Revenue and Taxation
The principle of "no taxation without representation" guided early lawmakers, who grappled with how to raise revenue. Initially relying on tariffs, Congress later moved towards income taxation to manage Civil War debt. The ratification of a constitutional amendment in the 20th century established the modern income tax, which now accounts for roughly half of all U.S. revenues. Debates over taxation continue, as seen in sweeping tax cut packages and disputes over tariffs.
Reconstruction and Civil Rights
Following the Civil War, Congress passed early Reconstruction Acts, often overcoming presidential vetoes, in a period that tested the balance of power between the legislative and executive branches, leading to an impeachment. Nearly a century later, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 sought to dismantle systemic discrimination. However, recent Supreme Court decisions have altered aspects of the Voting Rights Act, and efforts to challenge birthright citizenship, guaranteed by the 14th Amendment, have continued.
Social Safety Nets
President Franklin D. Roosevelt hailed the passage of the Social Security bill as historic, providing income protection for seniors. Subsequent congressional actions expanded these programs, establishing Medicare and Medicaid for seniors and lower-income individuals, and later the Affordable Care Act, which broadened healthcare access. Despite efforts to repeal and replace the ACA, and shifts in Medicaid requirements, these programs continue to serve millions of Americans.
War Powers
The Constitution vests Congress with the authority to declare war, while the president serves as commander-in-chief, creating a complex division of power. In response to the Vietnam War, Congress passed the War Powers Act of 1973, requiring presidential approval for military engagements beyond 60 days. While President Richard Nixon vetoed the act, Congress overrode his veto. In recent years, Congress has voted on resolutions to limit presidential military actions, though these have not reached the president's desk.
Internal Governance and Accountability
Congress sets its own rules and standards for conduct. Historically, members have been expelled for actions such as taking up arms for the Confederacy or, more recently, for exploiting their office for personal gain. Censure and expulsion, once rare, have become more common, reflecting ongoing efforts to maintain accountability within the legislative body.