Breathing Techniques Can Induce Altered States of Consciousness, Study Finds

Simple breathing exercises, known as high ventilation breathwork (HVB), can induce altered states of consciousness similar to those produced by psychedelic drugs, according to a new study. Participants reported experiencing profound feelings of connection to the universe, often described as 'oceanic states,' which researchers suggest could hold promise for mental health treatments.

Researchers from the Central Institute of Mental Health and Brighton and Sussex Medical School investigated HVB, defined as breathing practices that increase ventilation beyond normal ranges through increased frequency or depth of breath, often combined with mindfulness. One common technique employed is Conscious Connected Breathing, characterized by uninterrupted, high-volume breathing without pauses.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of 30 experienced breathwork practitioners revealed that these techniques reduced blood flow to the brain by up to 45%. While previous studies have linked such reductions to altered states of consciousness due to decreased CO2 levels, the current research suggests that changes in brain communication are the primary driver.

The study, published in Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, found that HVB altered communication within the brain's 'default mode network' (DMN). This network is associated with self-reflection and introspection. Participants who reported the strongest altered states exhibited the most significant changes in DMN activity.

"Our study suggests that these experiences are linked not only to marked changes in cerebral blood flow, but also to alterations in how key brain networks communicate," stated lead author Dr. Christian Schmitz. Co-author Hana Adolphi added that breathwork is a "legal, inexpensive and non-pharmacological intervention that may provide a valuable tool for studying altered states of consciousness" and could inform future mental health research.

While the effects are comparable to those induced by moderate to high doses of LSD or psilocybin, the visual effects are less pronounced. Experts highlight the concept of 'oceanic boundlessness,' a feeling of unity and ego dissolution, as a key parallel between breathwork and psychedelic experiences, noting its potential relevance to the therapeutic benefits of psychedelics for conditions like anxiety and depression.

The study acknowledges limitations, primarily that all participants were experienced breathwork users. Future research aiming to understand the effects on novices is recommended. Dr. Guy Fincham, a breathwork expert, also cautioned that intense HVB may not be suitable for individuals with epilepsy, cardiovascular issues, panic disorder, or psychosis, advising a gradual approach with gentler practices for beginners.

Scientists have found that simple breathing techniques can create changes in the brain that lead to altered states of consciousness. These images show how deep breathing can reduce blood flow to the brain by 45 per cent.