Hansen's disease, also known as leprosy, a chronic bacterial infection that primarily affects the skin and nerves, has seen a resurgence in Florida, with state health officials reporting 17 cases in north and central Florida as of July 18 this year. This marks a dramatic increase from previous decades, with Florida averaging over 21 cases annually in the past decade, compared to just six per year between 1992 and 2014.
Scientists suspect the nine-banded armadillo, a common animal in the southern United States, is a primary vector for the disease. The bacterium that causes leprosy has been found in armadillos, and direct contact with these animals, alive or deceased, is believed to be a source of infection. Norman Beatty, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Florida College of Medicine, noted that some communities consider armadillo meat a "Southern delicacy," and his clinic has identified patients who may have contracted the disease while preparing or handling the animal. "We would want to avoid touching or eating the animal," Beatty advised.
Florida has become a hotspot for leprosy in recent years, with 14 counties reporting cases. The state recorded 36 confirmed cases in 2025, nearly double the 20 reported in 2024. The current year's cases have been reported across Charlotte, Miami-Dade, and Volusia counties, among others. Beatty anticipates that the number of cases in Florida will continue to grow this year, likely surpassing the previous year's total.
While the exact cause of the rise is considered multifactorial, Beatty pointed to improved recognition of the disease by physicians and Florida's growing and aging population. His clinic is observing cases most commonly in individuals in their 60s and 70s, a demographic pattern that differs from other regions where younger individuals and children are more frequently diagnosed.
Scientists warn that Hansen's disease may now be endemic in parts of Florida, indicating that the bacterium is circulating locally. This is evidenced by several patients who had no history of travel to leprosy-prevalent countries, no known prolonged contact with an infected person, and no direct exposure to armadillos. Some individuals who contracted the disease believe they were infected through soil contaminated with the bacteria, particularly those who work in industries with frequent soil exposure or engage in outdoor activities like golfing.
Leprosy is a slow-growing bacterial infection that, if left untreated, can lead to permanent nerve damage, disfigurement, and other serious health issues. Early warning signs include discolored skin patches with reduced sensation, nodules, dry skin, and painless ulcers. Symptoms can take years, even up to two decades, to emerge after initial infection. Despite its ancient origins and historical stigma, leprosy is curable with antibiotics, though nerve damage may not be reversible. Approximately 95 percent of people are naturally resistant to the bacteria.
Beatty emphasized that human-to-human transmission appears to be less common than previously thought, with research from his clinic indicating environmental and animal exposure as more likely sources of infection in Florida. He urged individuals to take precautions, such as wearing gloves when handling soil in areas inhabited by armadillos, particularly around gardens and burrows.
Hansen's disease is one of humanity's oldest known diseases, with evidence dating back approximately 4,000 years. While its precise origin is debated, it spread globally through migration and trade. Health officials stress that the disease remains rare, difficult to contract, and curable with early diagnosis and treatment, which typically involves a combination of antibiotics for one to two years. Beatty's team is working to combat the stigma associated with the disease and educate the public on its curability and available treatments.