A growing body of scientific evidence is raising concerns about the health implications of silver-infused clothing, a market valued at an estimated $13 billion worldwide and projected to double by 2030. The silver particles, incorporated into fabrics to kill germs, prevent odor, and inhibit infections, may instead be contributing to unintended negative health effects.
Research indicates that silver particles can harm beneficial bacteria while leaving more resistant pathogens unharmed, potentially increasing the risk of bacterial infections. Furthermore, studies suggest these particles can enter the body, migrate to organs like the liver, and disrupt hormonal balance, affecting systems such as the thyroid and androgen pathways. These findings have already led to a ban on silver additives in cosmetic products in the European Union, with similar measures being implemented in the UK.
Concerns Over Underwear and Post-Surgery Garments
Experts are particularly concerned about silver's use in underwear, especially period pants. Dr. Katy Stokes, a research fellow at the University of Warwick, noted that while silver is added to period pants to combat odor and hygiene concerns, the risks may outweigh the benefits. Research, including studies backed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, has shown that nanosilver can kill beneficial vaginal bacteria, potentially leading to an increased incidence of bacterial infections. Some studies on rats have also demonstrated that vaginal exposure to nanosilver can cause tissue inflammation, disrupt the bacterial balance, and migrate to other organs via the bloodstream.
Concerns also extend to post-surgery bras marketed for their antibacterial and odor-reducing properties. One such bra, containing silver fiber and sold by Cancer Research UK, has drawn criticism for potentially encouraging prolonged exposure to silver, which could lead to microbiome or hormone disruption outside of prescribed wound care.
Regulatory Landscape and Industry Response
In the UK, there are currently no legal limits on the amount of silver that can be added to clothing, and manufacturers are not required to declare its presence. Consumers may encounter various forms of silver, including nanosilver, silver copper zeolite, and silver chloride. Tests by consumer organizations have identified significant levels of silver in some period pants, raising safety concerns regardless of the specific silver compound used.
Some brands have begun to address these concerns. Marks & Spencer stated that its period pants contain a trace amount of silver chloride away from the skin, approved under UK regulations for textile products and designed to combat odor. However, Bodyform has indicated that its newer product ranges do not contain silver. Manufacturers of silver-based fabrics, such as those using X-STATIC technology, have stated that their products are not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure infections but rather to protect the finished product from microbial growth, disclaiming any public health claims.
Safer Alternatives and Future Outlook
Some research suggests that silver-infused textiles may not be as effective at preventing microbial survival in real-life conditions as claimed by manufacturers. As an alternative, experts point to natural fibers like merino wool, which offer inherent anti-odor properties through moisture-wicking and natural bacterial inhibition, suggesting they may be safer and more sustainable options for consumers.