Individuals who avoid smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes in middle age may live nearly 13 years longer without developing dementia, according to a new study. Researchers found that people who did not have these three risk factors lived approximately 30 years without dementia, compared to 17 years for those who did.
Dementia, a condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in mood and personality, affects over 6 million Americans. With the nation's aging population, new cases are projected to double by 2060.
"Our findings argue that people need to actively avert these factors in midlife as a strategy for preserving brain health," said Dr. Josef Coresh, senior investigator and director at NYU Langone’s Optimal Aging Institute. "Discovering new ways to delay dementia is crucial with 42 percent of Americans at risk for developing the condition at any time after age 55."
Vascular dementia, the second most common form, occurs when reduced blood flow limits oxygen to the brain, causing tissue damage. Poor blood flow can also contribute to Alzheimer's disease, where toxic proteins accumulate in the brain. Smoking, diabetes, and hypertension are identified as the primary risk factors impacting vascular health.
High blood pressure can lead to tiny tears in artery walls, which can trap fat and cholesterol, causing blockages. Diabetes can also damage blood vessels due to high blood sugar levels, leading to plaque buildup. Smoking exacerbates the risk of both hypertension and diabetes.
Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, maintaining a balanced diet low in salt and sugar, regular aerobic exercise, and managing body weight can help prevent high blood pressure and diabetes.
The study also highlighted demographic differences in dementia risk. On average, women experienced 18.1 years without dementia from the study's start, compared to 16.6 years for men. While women may have more time without cognitive decline, they have a higher lifetime risk of developing dementia due to living longer.
Racial disparities were also noted, with white participants living 19.6 years without dementia symptoms versus 16 years for Black participants. Black Americans are also more likely to be diagnosed later, often with more severe symptoms. "These results suggest that vascular risk reduction may benefit all groups, but that certain populations, such as Black adults, may especially benefit from targeted prevention efforts," Coresh stated. "Hopefully, these results will encourage people to stop smoking and watch their vascular health closely from age 45 on."