Campaigners are raising alarms that a national push to build more homes could endanger ancient woodlands across England, despite existing protections. The creation of the 'grey belt'—areas of lower-quality open land designated for development—and the government's target of building 1.5 million new homes by 2029 are cited as key concerns.
Ancient woodlands, defined as habitats existing continuously since at least the year 1600, are considered ecologically vital and irreplaceable. Planning policy states that development can only occur in "wholly exceptional circumstances," typically reserved for major infrastructure projects.
However, campaigners argue that the "grey belt" designation makes it easier for developers to target land adjacent to these ancient sites, which may have previously been protected under green belt regulations. The BBC has identified numerous development plans situated directly next to these valuable woodlands.
In Gillingham, Kent, approved plans for 450 homes are slated for construction yards away from Hook Wood, prompting fears of severe impacts on local wildlife. Similar concerns are being voiced in Derby regarding proposals for approximately 150 houses near Chaddesden Wood Nature Reserve. Residents worry that building close to the reserve would isolate the woodland and diminish its protected status.
"We are already seeing cases where the existing protections are struggling," said Lucy Graebe-Watson, chairwoman of Ancient Woodland UK. "We have seen a rise in concerns and alerts from local groups since recent planning reforms."
While the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government asserts that ancient woodlands have "very clear and strong protections," the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) suggests these protections remain insufficient. Carl Bunnage, head of nature policy for the RSPB, described the "wholly exceptional circumstances" clause as a potential loophole for developers, particularly in areas facing housing shortages. He argued that policies favoring housing and economic growth often outweigh nature conservation efforts.
Further concerns have emerged in South Yorkshire, where a proposed 130-home development near Gelster Wood has sparked a local campaign. Residents fear the development could irrevocably alter a centuries-old landscape and exacerbate flooding risks, as the current fields play a role in absorbing rainwater.
Ecological consultants highlight that even developments not directly on ancient woodland sites can cause harm. Damage to root systems, altered drainage patterns leading to dryness or pollution, and increased noise and light pollution can negatively affect sensitive species within and around these habitats. Even the presence of domestic pets can impact ground-nesting birds and other wildlife.
A government spokesperson reiterated that national planning rules "explicitly" require refusal of developments that would cause loss or deterioration of ancient woodland, with limited exceptions for nationally significant infrastructure projects that require compensation measures. A revised National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) published in August aims to provide clearer policies for assessing proposals affecting irreplaceable habitats.